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al-Khansa — The Greatest Arab Poetess, Her Elegies for Her Brothers Sakhr and Muawiyah, Her Conversion to Islam, and the Day She Sent Her Four Sons to Battle and Was Glad When They All Died as Martyrs

الخَنسَاء — أَعظَمُ شَاعِرَاتِ العَرَبِ وَرَثَاؤُهَا لِأَخَوَيهَا صَخرٍ وَمُعَاوِيَة وَإِسلَامُهَا وَيَومُ أَرسَلَت أَبنَاءَهَا الأَربَعَةَ إِلَى المَعرَكَةِ فَسَعِدَت حِينَ ماتُوا جَمِيعًا شُهَدَاء
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al-Khansa Tumadir bint Amr al-Sulamiyya (الخَنسَاء تُمَاضِرُ بِنتُ عَمرٍو السُّلَمِيَّة; c. 575-645 CE; a celebrated pre-Islamic Arab poetess from the Banu Sulaym tribe; composed the most famous elegies [ratha'] in classical Arabic for her brothers Sakhr and Muawiyah after they were killed in tribal warfare; her elegies for Sakhr in particular are counted among the greatest poems in the Arabic literary canon; converted to Islam after meeting the Prophet, who reportedly admired her poetry; at the Battle of al-Qadisiyya [15 AH / 636 CE] her four sons were killed in the same battle; her response — reported as complete equanimity and gratitude that God had honored her with their martyrdom — has been transmitted as a paradigm of Islamic patience and valor in sacrifice) is the Arab literary tradition's greatest female voice.

The Elegies for Sakhr

Before her conversion to Islam, al-Khansa was already famous. Her brother Sakhr was a celebrated warrior who was mortally wounded in a tribal battle. The elegies she composed for him after his death elevated her from tribal poet to a figure of pan-Arab recognition.

Her elegies for Sakhr are characterized by an intensity of grief that borders on the physical — she describes her sleeplessness, her tears, the way every morning brings the grief back fresh. The image of the rising sun reminding her of Sakhr’s face is one of the best-known images in classical Arabic poetry.

The Prophet, when she recited poetry before him, is reported to have said “Continue” — a remarkable endorsement given his generally measured stance toward pre-Islamic poetry.


Conversion and the Prophet

Al-Khansa came to Medina with her tribe, converted, and became a Muslim. She is counted among the Companions. The Prophet reportedly placed his cloak over her in acknowledgment of her poetry — though the specific accounts vary in reliability.


Al-Qadisiyya and the Four Sons

At the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (the decisive battle that opened Iraq to the Muslim armies), al-Khansa sent all four of her sons to fight. The night before battle, she addressed them directly, urging them to hold firm and not to flee.

All four were killed in the battle. When the news reached her, al-Khansa’s reported response became canonical in Islamic tradition: “Praise be to God who honored me with their martyrdom. I hope that my Lord will gather me with them in the abode of His mercy.”

This response is read in Islamic tradition not as denial or shock but as the highest degree of sabr — patience that encompasses loss within gratitude for divine purpose.

See also: Seerah Miqdad Ibn Amr, Seerah Zainab Bint Ali, Seerah Umm Haram, Seerah Abu Lubaba Ibn Abd Al Mundhir, Fiqh Al Iman Wa Kufr

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