Knowledge › History & Heritage

Imam Malik ibn Anas — Founder of the Maliki School, Author of the Muwatta, Scholar Who Refused to Rule Publicly on a Question He Did Not Know, and Whose Devotion to Medinan Practice Made 'the Sunna of the People of Medina' the Anchor of His Legal Methodology

الإِمَامُ مَالِكُ بنُ أَنَس — مُؤَسِّسُ المَذهَبِ المَالِكِيِّ وَمُصَنِّفُ المُوَطَّأِ وَالعَالِمُ الَّذِي أَبَى الإِفتَاءَ فِيمَا لَا يَعلَمُ وَالَّذِي جَعَلَ 'عَمَلَ أَهلِ المَدِينَةِ' أَسَاسَ مَنهَجِهِ الفِقهِيّ
2 min read · 319 words

Imam Malik ibn Anas (الإِمَامُ مَالِكُ بنُ أَنَس; born c. 93 AH / 711 CE in Medina; died 179 AH / 795 CE in Medina; founder of the Maliki school of Islamic law; his teachers included Nafi' [the freed slave of Abd-Allah ibn Umar], Rabia ibn Farruq [known as 'Rabia al-Ra'y'], and over 900 Companions' students [tabi'in]; his major works: [1] al-Muwatta' [The Smoothed Path]: the earliest surviving collection of hadith with legal commentary; approximately 1,720 hadiths with accompanying legal rulings; arranged by topic; the Prophet reportedly said in a dream [per later tradition]: 'A man from Medina named Malik will lay [a path] for people' [this account's authenticity is debated]; Imam al-Shafi'i said: 'After the Book of God, there is no book on earth more sound than Malik's Muwatta'; Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal reportedly memorized it; [2] his distinctive methodological contribution: *'amal ahl al-Madina* [the practice of the people of Medina] — the living practice of the Medinan community is itself a form of Sunnah, because Medina had the Prophet's presence and the Companions living within it; intellectual humility: Malik is recorded to have said 'I do not know' to approximately 32 questions in a single session; he reportedly said: 'Say la adri [I don't know] — it is half of knowledge'; political conflict: the Abbasid governor al-Mansur had him flogged for issuing a fatwa that coerced oaths of allegiance [bay'ah] are not binding — a politically sensitive ruling; he bore the flogging and refused to retract; his school: the Maliki school became dominant in North Africa, West Africa, Andalusia, Sudan, and the Gulf) is the imam whose life defines the classical Medinan scholarly tradition.

The Muwatta and Its Authority

Malik’s al-Muwatta was compiled over approximately 40 years. Unlike later hadith collections that aimed for comprehensiveness, the Muwatta was selective — Malik included hadiths he considered authentic and reliable, alongside the legal rulings derived from them and the practices of the Medinan community.

Multiple caliphs (including the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur and later Harun al-Rashid) reportedly asked Malik to standardize Islamic law based on the Muwatta across the empire. Malik refused: he said that the Companions had scattered across different regions, each carrying different knowledge, and it would be inappropriate to impose one community’s practice on everyone. This refusal is itself a jurisprudential statement about the legitimacy of diversity within Islam.

”I Don’t Know”

One of the most quoted anecdotes about Imam Malik concerns the frequency with which he said la adri (I don’t know) or la adri fi hadha (I don’t know about this). A student reportedly traveled many days to ask him 40 questions and received “I don’t know” as the answer to 32 of them.

Rather than embarrassment, this reflected Malik’s view that issuing an uninformed fatwa was more dangerous than admitting ignorance. His reported saying — “saying ‘I don’t know’ is half of knowledge” — became a principle of intellectual honesty in the Islamic scholarly tradition.

The Flogging and Its Aftermath

During the Abbasid period, the governor of Medina had citizens forced to take oaths of allegiance to the new caliph. Malik issued a fatwa that oaths taken under coercion are not binding (the person is not sinning by breaking them). This was politically explosive — it suggested the coerced allegiances to the Abbasids were not religiously valid.

The governor had him flogged. Malik bore the punishment. The episode, rather than silencing him, enhanced his reputation enormously — he had refused to compromise a legal opinion under political pressure.

See also: Seerah Jabir Ibn Abdallah Al Ansari, Seerah Samura Ibn Jundub, Seerah Saad Ibn Muadh, Seerah Abu Darda Al Ansari, Seerah Zaid Ibn Arqam

← All articles
← Previous
Fiqh al-Istihsan — Juristic Preference in Islamic Law: The Hanafi Principle of Setting Aside Strict Qiyas When It Produces Hardship or Injustice, How Imam Shafi'i Objected to It, and Why It Became the Most Debated Methodology in Usul al-Fiqh
Next →
Fiqh al-Istislah — Public Interest (Maslaha Mursala) as a Source of Islamic Law: How Imam al-Ghazali Classified Maslaha, Why the Maliki School Uses Unattested Interest as a Legal Source, and the Modern Application to Islamic Finance Regulation
✦

More in History & Heritage

Prophet Muhammad (SAW) — The Seal of Prophets

The life, mission, and legacy of Sayyidna Muhammad ibn Abdullah (SAW) — the Seal of Prophets, the beloved of Allah, the Natiq of the final divine dispensation, and the one through whose lineage the Imamate continues in the Ahl al-Bayt. This is the foundation of every Bohra belief and practice.
Sayyidna Ibrahim al-Khalil (AS) — The Friend of Allah

Sayyidna Ibrahim ibn Azar (AS) — the Prophet Abraham — is the father of monotheism, the builder of the Ka'ba with his son Ismail (AS), and the ancestor through whom both the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) via the Ishmaelite line and a vast number of Prophets via the Israelite line descend. He is called Khalilullah (the Friend of Allah) and his trials are among the greatest in prophetic history. Hajj itself was established by him and restored by the Prophet (SAW).
The Fourteen Masumeen — Prophet and Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt

A reference guide to the 14 Ma'sumeen — Rasulullah (SAW), Syedatona Fatema (AS), and the 12 Imams — whose names, lives, and legacy form the devotional and theological core of Bohra and wider Shia Islamic tradition.
← Back to all articles